Puʻuloa carried a deep weave of moʻolelo. Its beloved guardian was Kaʻahupahau, the shark goddess who, with her brother Kahiʻuka, was said to keep the harbor's waters safe for people; tradition holds that the two lived in caves beneath the lochs. Older stories credit the chief Keaunui of ʻEwa with opening the harbor mouth wider to the sea, and a moʻo (water spirit) named Kanekuaʻana with first bringing the pipi to Wai Momi. These were not idle tales but a community's map of its own waters — who watched over them, and how their abundance came to be.
Change came with contact. After Captain Cook reached the islands in 1778, foreign visitors learned the worth of the pearls the Hawaiians had set aside, and Kamehameha — who drew the islands together into one kingdom by 1795 — claimed the oyster beds as his own. Dredging and silt from the 1840s onward smothered the beds, and by about 1901 the pearl oysters of Wai Momi were effectively gone. The harbor's modern course was set by treaty: the Kingdom granted the United States use of the inlet under the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875, and exclusive use as a coaling and repair station in 1887, beginning the long naval era that would carry the place's name around the world.
